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When talking about graphene, we should initially discuss the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer "hold hands" and are carefully attached, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
From the point of view of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms create a regular hexagonal ring on the same plane, extending to create a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to peel a single layer structure.
More than two decades back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a method to acquire a single layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took a very "easy and unrefined" technique - sticking it with tape.
"Just like when we create a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape." Based on this, scientists frankly associate that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it likewise stay with layers of graphite?
In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into 2. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have actually verified the feasibility of this method - each time the tape is used, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding using this "mechanical peeling method" to repeat the operation, they lastly acquired a thin sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this technique of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing efficiency and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the enhancement of scientific and technical degrees, the prep work technique of graphene has likewise made wonderful progress. Today, along with this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation technique, there are additionally lots of techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent exfoliation technique, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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